Complicaciones de catéteres percutáneos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8360vol8iss15.2024pp4-15pPalabras clave:
catéter percutáneo, complicaciones, recién nacido, UCI neonatalResumen
Los catéteres percutáneos o también conocidos como catéteres centrales de inserción periférica (PICC) proporcionan un acceso intravenoso seguro para la administración de medicamentos y nutrición parenteral total para mantener la vida del neonato. Los PICC son dispositivos invasivos y son un factor de riesgo en los pacientes que lo necesitan; pudiendo presentarse complicaciones infecciosas y mecánicas como: obstrucción, rotura del catéter, extracción no electiva, flebitis, trombosis e infección del torrente sanguíneo. En este trabajo se analizan las publicaciones sobre complicaciones de los catéteres percutáneos en la unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatal, mediante una revisión sistemática de literatura en las bases científicas Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, ProQuest y Portal Regional da BVS. Se seleccionaron 50 artículos publicados entre el 2016 – 2020, en varios idiomas, para poder obtener la información necesaria y responder las preguntas de investigación planteadas en el presente trabajo. Encontrándose que las complicaciones con más frecuencia fueron de tipo mecánico: oclusión, rotura, extravasación, migración y flebitis; y de tipo infeccioso: infección del sitio de inserción, infección del torrente sanguíneo, sepsis. Entre las medidas recomendadas en la literatura para la colocación del catéter percutáneo en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos neonatal se encontraron: lavado y antisepsia de manos, utilización material estéril durante el procedimiento de inserción, mantenimiento, desinfección de la piel del paciente. Se presentan reflexiones críticas positivas de los términos médicos y retos de la experiencia diaria del cuidado en enfermería, relacionada con la inserción, mantenimiento y cuidados de un acceso vascular seguro para garantizar la terapia intravenosa, con mínimas complicaciones.
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