Impacto de la vacunación infantil en la morbilidad por enfermedades prevenibles: Revisión sistemática 2015-2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8360vol9iss17.2025pp185-194pPalavras-chave:
enfermedades prevenibles, morbilidad, vacunación infantilResumo
La vacunación infantil es clave para reducir la morbilidad por enfermedades prevenibles, pero su cobertura global ha retrocedido, especialmente en América Latina y el Caribe (ALC) tras la pandemia de COVID-19. Esta revisión sistemática PRISMA/PICO analizó diez estudios (de 184 registros en PubMed/MEDLINE y Scopus) sobre el impacto de la vacunación en niños de 0 a 12 años (2015-2024). Los hallazgos muestran que los programas de vacunación infantil demuestran alta efectividad, reduciendo drásticamente la morbilidad y mortalidad por enfermedades prevenibles, como la neumonía, el sarampión y la varicela, además generando inmunidad de rebaño en poblaciones no vacunadas. Además, de mostrar beneficios sistémicos inesperados, como la reducción de síntomas no específicos (diarrea, fiebre) y mejoras en indicadores de salud general. Aunque las vacunas son costo-efectivas, persisten brechas por desigualdades estructurales, desinformación y sistemas de salud frágiles. Se requieren intervenciones urgentes centradas en acceso equitativo, confianza comunitaria, métricas regionales robustas y financiamiento sostenible para evitar crisis sanitarias irreversibles. La evidencia subraya la necesidad de políticas adaptadas a contextos locales y coberturas superiores al 95% para maximizar el impacto en la era post pandémica.
Downloads
Referências
1. Darío Arias Rodriguez F, Agustín Vásquez Medina G, David Arcos Valencia M, Mauricio Hidalgo Recalde S, Lisseth Larcos Herrera C, Alejandra Chasi Llumiguano N, et al. Enfermedades prevenibles por vacunación en Ecuador: un problema de Salud Pública. Revista de Salud Pública. 2023;29(1)
2. Talbird SE, Carrico J, La EM, Carias C, Marshall GS, Roberts CS, et al. Impact of Routine Childhood Immunization in Reducing Vaccine-Preventable Diseases in the United States. Pediatrics. 2022;150(3).
3. Clark-Wright J, Hudson P, McCloskey C, Carroll S. Burden of selected infectious diseases covered by UK childhood vaccinations: Systematic literature review. Future Microbiol. 2020;15(17):1679–88.
4. Bose T, Borrow R, Arkwright PD. Impact of rotavirus vaccination on diarrheal disease burden of children in South America. Expert Review of Vaccines. 2024; 23:606–18.
5. DeAntonio R, Amador S, Bunge EM, Eeuwijk J, Prado-Cohrs D, Nieto Guevara J, et al. Vaccination herd effect experience in Latin America: a systematic literature review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2019;15(1):49–71.
6. Nayir T, Nazlican E, Şahin M, Kara F, Alp Meşe E. Effects of immunization program on morbidity and mortality rates of vaccine-preventable diseases in Turkey. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(8):1909–15.
7. Piazza MF, Amicizia D, Paganino C, Marchini F, Astengo M, Grammatico F, et al. Has clinical and epidemiological varicella burden changed over time in children? Overview on hospitalizations, comorbidities and costs from 2010 to 2017 in italy. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(12).
8. Alicino C, Paganino C, Orsi A, Astengo M, Trucchi C, Icardi G, et al. The impact of 10-valent and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on hospitalization for pneumonia in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vol. 35, Vaccine. Elsevier Ltd; 2017. p. 5776–85.
9. Geier DA, Kern JK, Geier MR. Childhood MMR vaccination and the incidence rate of measles infection: A ten year longitudinal cohort study of American children born in the 1990s. BMC Pediatr. 2019;19(1).
10. Geier DA, Geier MR. Childhood MMR Vaccination Effectiveness Against Rubella: A Longitudinal Cohort Study. Glob Pediatr Health. 2022;9.
11. Shahid ASMS Bin, Rahman AE, Shahunja KM, Afroze F, Sarmin M, Nuzhat S, et al. Vaccination following the expanded programme on immunization schedule could help to reduce deaths in children under five hospitalized for pneumonia and severe pneumonia in a developing country. Front Pediatr. 2023;11.
12. Patrick E, Iuliano A, Bakare D, Salako J, Shittu F, Bakare AA, et al. Non-specific effects of routine vaccinations on child survival between 12-59 months of age in Jigawa, Nigeria: A secondary analysis of the INSPIRING Jigawa trial. Vaccine. 2025;57.
13. Lund N, Andersen A, Hansen ASK, Jepsen FS, Barbosa A, Biering-Sørensen S, et al. The Effect of Oral Polio Vaccine at Birth on Infant Mortality: A Randomized Trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2015 Nov 15;61(10):1504–11.
14. Wang B, Russell ML, Moss L, Fonseca K, Earn DJD, Aoki F, et al. Effect of influenza vaccination of children on infection rate in hutterite communities: Follow-up study of a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2016;11(12).
15. Nielsen S, Fisker AB, Da Silva I, Byberg S, Biering-Sørensen S, Bal C, et al. Effect of early two-dose measles vaccination on childhood mortality and modification by maternal measles antibody in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa: A single-centre open-label randomised controlled trial. E Clinical Medicine. 2022;49.
16. Do VA, Biering-Sørensen S, Fisker AB, Balé C, Rasmussen SM, Christensen LD, et al. Effect of an early dose of measles vaccine on morbidity between 18 weeks and 9 months of age: A randomized, controlled trial in Guinea-Bissau. Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2017;215(8):1188–96.
17. De Santana AF, Leite E de S, Lima Júnior JF, Da Silva EN, De Abrantes KSM, Bezerra KKS, et al. The epidemiological impact of reduced childhood vaccination in Brazil: a desk research from 2012 to 2022. Contribuciones a las ciencias sociales. 2024;17(2):e4361.
18. Berendsen MLT, Silva I, Balé C, Nielsen S, Hvidt S, Martins CL, et al. The Effect of a Second Dose of Measles Vaccine at 18 Months of Age on Nonaccidental Deaths and Hospital Admissions in Guinea-Bissau: Interim Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2022;75(8):1370–8.
19. Takeuchi H, Hasan SMT, Zaman K, Takanashi S, Hore SK, Yeasmin S, et al. Impact of Haemophilus influenzae type b combination vaccination on asthma symptoms and pneumonia in 5-year-old children in rural Bangladesh: a longitudinal study and comparison with a previous cross-sectional study. Respir Res. 2021;22(1).
20. Bottomley C, Bojang A, Smith PG, Darboe O, Antonio M, Foster-Nyarko E, et al. The impact of childhood vaccines on bacterial carriage in the nasopharynx: A longitudinal study. Emerg Themes Epidemiol. 2015;12(1).
21. Staff M, Nyinawingeri A, Denniss K, Ingleton A, Jelfs J, Corben P. Pertussis morbidity in children 12-59 months of age a NSW public health network study. Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. 2019;38(6):553–8.
22. Williamson G, Ahmed B, Kumar PS, Ostrov BE, Ericson JE. Vaccine-Preventable Diseases Requiring Hospitalization. Pediatrics. 2017;140(3).
23. Wightman P, McCue K, Sabo S, Annorbah R, Jiménez D, Pilling V, et al. Community health worker intervention improves early childhood vaccination rates: results from a propensity-score matching evaluation. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1).
24. Palmu AA, Jokinen J, Nieminen H, Rinta-Kokko H, Ruokokoski E, Puumalainen T, et al. Vaccine-preventable disease incidence of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in the Finnish invasive pneumococcal disease vaccine trial. Vaccine. 2018;36(14):1816–22.
25. Karaut TS. Evaluating the Effectiveness and Coverage of Vaccination Programs in Reducing the Incidence of Paediatric Infectious Diseases. Asian Journal of Pediatric Research. 2024;14(12):29–36.
26. Pezzotti P, Bellino S, Prestinaci F, Iacchini S, Lucaroni F, Camoni L, et al. The impact of immunization programs on 10 vaccine preventable diseases in Italy: 1900–2015. Vaccine. 2018;36(11):1435–43.
27. Wasserman M, Chapman R, Lapidot R, Sutton K, Dillon-Murphy D, Patel S, et al. Twenty-year public health impact of 7- And 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines in US children. Emerg Infect Dis. 2021;27(6):1627–36.
28. Shann F. Why has the number of child deaths halved since 1990? Vol. 34, Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2015. p. 1377–8.
29. McGovern ME, Canning D. Vaccination and All-Cause Child Mortality from 1985 to 2011: Global Evidence from the Demographic and Health Surveys. Am J Epidemiol. 2015;182(9):791–8.
30. Anderson MM, Arvidson C. Childhood vaccine status and correlation with common nonvaccine-preventable illnesses. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(7):415–23.
Downloads
Publicado
Edição
Seção
Licença
Copyright (c) 2026 FACSALUD-UNEMI
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Todos los artículos de la Revista FACSalud UNEMI son difundidos bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Los autores mantienen los derechos de autor, y, por lo tanto, son libres de compartir, copiar, distribuir, ejecutar y comunicar públicamente la obra bajo las condiciones siguientes: Reconocer los créditos de la obra especificada por el autor e indicar si se realizaron cambios (puede hacerlo de cualquier forma razonable, pero no de una manera que sugiera que el autor respalda el uso que hace de su obra. No utilizar la obra para fines comerciales. En caso de remezcla, transformación o desarrollo, no puede distribuirse el material modificado.
