RELACIÓN ENTRE RESERVA COGNITIVA, FUNCIONALIDAD Y CALIDAD DE VIDA EN ADULTOS MAYORES INSTITUCIONALIZADOS

Autores/as

  • Byron Rosendo Macas Criollo Universidad del Azuay

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8379vol10iss18.2026pp58-68p

Palabras clave:

Envejecimiento, Reserva Cognitiva, Capacidad Funcional, Institucionalización, Calidad de Vida

Resumen

El envejecimiento poblacional exige comprender los factores determinantes del bienestar en adultos mayores institucionalizados, especialmente la interacción entre reserva cognitiva, funcionalidad y calidad de vida. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la relación entre la reserva cognitiva, el nivel de funcionalidad y la calidad de vida en adultos mayores no institucionalizados en un centro gerontológico de Paute, Ecuador. Se implementó un diseño observacional descriptivo-correlacional y de corte transversal con 30 adultos mayores de 65 años institucionalizados durante al menos 6 meses. Se aplicó una batería de instrumentos estandarizados que incluyó el Mini Mental State Examination para evaluar el estado cognitivo global, Trail Making Test A y B para medir velocidad de procesamiento y funciones ejecutivas, Test del Reloj para evaluar habilidades visuoespaciales, Escala de Depresión Geriátrica-15 para síntomas depresivos e Índice de Barthel para capacidad funcional. Los análisis estadísticos comprendieron correlaciones de Pearson y Spearman, y regresión lineal múltiple mediante pasos sucesivos. Los resultados evidenciaron un perfil cognitivo de deterioro leve a moderado con puntuación media del MMSE de 21.4±3.8 puntos. Las correlaciones revelaron asociaciones significativas entre reserva cognitiva y capacidad funcional, destacando las funciones ejecutivas medidas por TMT-B como el predictor más fuerte (r=-.489, p<.01). El modelo de regresión múltiple explicó el 74.2 % de la varianza en calidad de vida, identificando cinco predictores significativos: síntomas depresivos (β=-.485), funciones ejecutivas (β=-.327), capacidad funcional (β=.298), habilidades visuoespaciales (β=.265) y estado cognitivo global (β=.219). Los hallazgos confirman que la calidad de vida en adultos mayores institucionalizados resulta de la interacción compleja entre factores afectivos, ejecutivos y funcionales, más que de déficits cognitivos aislados, proporcionando evidencia para el desarrollo de intervenciones multimodales dirigidas a optimizar el bienestar en esta población vulnerable.

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2026-01-05

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RELACIÓN ENTRE RESERVA COGNITIVA, FUNCIONALIDAD Y CALIDAD DE VIDA EN ADULTOS MAYORES INSTITUCIONALIZADOS. (2026). PSICOLOGÍA UNEMI, 10(18), 58-68. https://doi.org/10.29076/issn.2602-8379vol10iss18.2026pp58-68p